HaCKeRz Kr0nlcKLeZ 1/HaCKeRz Kr0nlcKLeZ.iso/drugs/crack.babies

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The following article appeared in the Santa Cruz Sentinel, 12/6/92.  It
is an Associated Press article, so it probably appeared in other papers
as well.  It is quoted without permission.  I have added some comments
after the end of the article.

'Crack babies' catch up

By DANA KENNEDY, The Associated Press

NEW YORK -- When they spooted the playground, looming like a leafy oasis
amid the graffiti-scarred tenements of central Harlem, the 10 toddlers
and pre-schoolers erupted in excitement.

As they entered Morningside Park, the older kids raced to the swings and
slides.  The younger ones clapped their hands and cheered them on.

Within seconds, the children were indistinguishable from the other
youngsters in the park, swooping down slides and climbing monkey bars.

Three-year-old Johnny scrambled up the slide so fast that kids from a
nearby school watching in awe.  Two-year-old Tanika jumped onto the
jungle gym like a tiny mountain goat.

This wasn't supposed to happen.  These children, on their daily outing
from Hale House, were born exposed to crack.  In recent years, the term
"crack babies" has become a national buzzword, a riveting soundbite that
conjures images of mutant, monster children.

Punchy headlines such as "Crack Babies: Genetic Inferiors" and "Crack in
the Cradle" have helped shape the stereotype.

But the children themselves may have the last word.  Doctors, social
workers and teachers involved with crack-exposed kids indicate that many
are rising above the dire predictions made for them.

"When people find out what I do, they say 'Ok, those poor crack
babies,'" said Hale House nurse Anne Marie Nedd as she chased active,
giggling 18-month-old Daren around the park.  "I get so mad.  I tell
them, "There's nothing really wrong with these kids!'"

                                ---

Since crack swept the country in 1985, children born to crack addicts
were thought to be physically and mentally damaged, doomed to a marginal
life and an ongoing burden for taxpayers.

The first wave of crack-exposed children entered first and second grades
in New York City this fall, a year after one state report estimated the
cost of special care for them could total $2 billion over the next 15
years.  Harlem Hospital researchers estimated that the cost of caring
for crack babies costs the country $500 million a year.

Such statistics have fed the kind of fear that led Ross Perot to invoke
the dread specter of "crack babies" during the first presidential
debate.

"Again and again and again, the mother disappears in three days and the
child becomes a ward of the state because he's permanently and
geneticall damaged," Perot said.

Permanently and genetically damaged.  That's the kind of description
that angers Hale House program director Jackie Edmond as she feeds
beaming, 6-month-old Quashia some apple sauce.  Hale House cares for
children 3 and under born addicted to drugs.  Like Quashia, almost all
the kids there now were born addicted to crack.

"Tell me, what does a crack baby look like?" Edmond says angrily as she
recounts the stories she's read about crack babies and the comments she
hears from strangers.  "Nobody who talks about them ever comes in to see
them.  They'll come in here and look at our kids any the look normal.
So they says, 'Where are the drug babies?'  I tell them, 'They're right
here.'"

Across town on Wards Island, watching a group of animated 3- and
4-year-olds reading aloud from workbooks in a sunny room at Odyssey
House, Cheryl Nazario had the same reaction.

"These kids were labeled a lost cause," said Nazario, who directs a
residential program helping former crack addicts and their children.
"It was like everyone expected them to walk into schools like little
androids.  But they catch up.  They really do catch up."

                                ---

While crack-exposed babies may develop more slowly than others, many
experts say they often appear to grow out of early problems if they
receive proper care as infants and toddlers.  Many believe their
prognosis is as good as children born drug-free if they get early
intervention.

Such children have to overcome a lot.  The gripping image of the
jittery, irritable baby who doesn't want to be touched and cries all the
time is a reality, experts say.  But kids born to mothers addicted to
other drugs share the same symptoms, the result of a disorganized
nervous system.

Programs all over the country, including Hale House and Odyssey House in
New York and the Charles R. Drew Head Start in South-Central Los
Angeles, have developed strategies to lessen the symptoms, help kids
adapt to their surroundings and teach parents how to better care for
them.

Many experts who have researched or worked with kids exposed to cocaine
decry what some call the myth of "crack babies."

"It's nonsense," said Claire Coles, a clinical psychologist at Emory
University in Atlanta who has studied crack kids.  "There's no evidence
of genetic damage, nothing like what was originally supposed.  It's
astonishing that so much fuss has been raised about cocaine when kids
born with fetal alcohol syndrome are so much worse off."

The problems suffered by children exposed to cocaine stem from many
factors, Coles said.  Many were born prematurely to mothers who had
little or no prenatal care and a returned to a neglectful environment.
But cocaine itself has not been proven to be any more damaging than any
other drug used by pregnant woment, Coles said.

Those familar with crack-exposed children also echoed Coles' assertion
that children with fetal alcohol syndrome are much more likely to suffer
from mental retardation.

Researchers at the National Association for Perinatal Addiction Research
and Education in Chicago have tracked a group of 300 children born
exposed to crack for almost seven years, while helping the kids and
their mothers.

The association's president, Ira Chasnoff, said kids born exposed to
crack, or other drugs, often suffer from a decreased attention span,
more impulsive behavior and have difficulty concentrating.  But
environment may play a more key role than drug exposure in the womb, he
said.

In NAPARE's study, researchers found that the IQ scores of children born
exposed to crack were the same as children who were not crack-exposed
but who lived in a similar environment.

Chasnoff painted a dark picture behind society's morbid embrace of
"crack babies."

"The image of the crack baby really moved out there," he said.
"Politicians really picked it up.  It worked into the trend of writing
about the underclass.  It's sexy, it's interesting, it sells newspapers
and it perpetuates the us-versus-them idea."

In fact, said Chasnoff, "Poverty is the worst thing that can happen to a
child."

(Bela again)  My comments: I find it interesting and encouraging that
now that the Reagan/Bush/Quayle years are officially doomed, the
mainstream media feel they can start to debunk the myths generated by
PFDA and others.

Unfortunately, the article failed to debunk the other half of this myth
-- it never said anything direct about the *number* of "crack babies".
Without that information an uninformed but intelligent person must still
be concerned about the costs of giving this "head start" to so many
thousands, millions -- I forget what PFDA says -- of addicted kids.  In
fact, as we know, the numbers are low and now we see that the
consequences are low.

Bela Lubkin  * *  //  [e-mail]   uunet!sco!belal   ZURC ATNAS morf EVIL!
     @     * *   //  [e-mail]    scruz.ucsc.edu!deeptht!filbo
R Pentomino  * \X/  Filbo @ Pyrzqxgl [phone] and XBBS [phone]

=============================================================================

From: Tommy the Tourist <[e-mail]>
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Placenta barrier to cocaine, study finds
Date: 12 Jun 1994 20:22:16 GMT
Message-ID: <2tfqpo$[e-mail]>
Errors-To: [e-mail]

This article appeared in the Calgary Herald in Canada on
Saturday, June 11, 1994.

By: Mark Lowey

Placenta barrier to cocaine, study finds

  TORONTO - Developmental problems in children exposed to cocaine
prior to birth may be due more to neglect at home than the drug's
longterm effects, a study suggests.
  "Cocaine babies," a term used by the popular media to label
children with problems, is a misnomer, said Dr. Carmine Simone,
researcher at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto.
  He co-authored the study to be published in the American
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, with Dr. Gideon Koren, head
of clinical pharmocology at the hospital.
  Prenatal exposure to cocaine may be a merker of other problems
at home, such as child abuse, neglect and substance abuse by
parents, Simone said.
  In fact, researchers found that the placenta in the womb may
actually help protect the fetus from cocaine abuse by the mother.
  Using placenta recovered from full term births, researchers
devised apparatus that simulates conditions in the womb when the
mother takes cocaine.
  "We can mimick the way women take drugs," Simone said.  "It's a
model for what's happening."
  The placenta is usually discarded after birth, he noted, adding
the study was conducted according to strict ethical guidelines
and no fetuses were involved.
  Results showed the placenta appears to act as a barrier to
cocaine.  It is able to absord about one-third of the
administered dose, with about one-third getting through that
would affect the fetus.  The rest is eliminated.
  Simone said this situation may be due to the way cocaine is
taken, in staggered "hits" as the high wears off.  The placenta
appears to metabolize and eliminate the drug between the hits.
  Children of cocaine abusers show no proven lasting
physiological or developmental effects due to their experiences
in the womb, said study co-author Koren.
  A study involving three Toronto hospitals found about six per
cent of new borns, or one in 16, showed exposure to cocaine in
the final three months before birth.
  But if the placenta buffers exposure, this would help explain
why only 10 of 120 of the babies needed resuscitation or other
intensive care.
  Other research shows cocaine-exposed newborns are smaller than
average and much less healthy.

[anon info deleted -cak]

=============================================================================

From: [e-mail] (Dave Blake)
Newsgroups: alt.drugs
Subject: Evidence for crack babies
Date: 3 Mar 1995 23:36:08 GMT
Message-ID: <3j8958$[e-mail]>

I just got back from a talk given by Pasko Rakic, the emminent
neuroscientist from Yale. He showed evidence from someone else's
lab that crack babies are real. I do not want to misrepresent what
was done, so I'll give you the blow by blow.

First, he showed that when radioactive thymidine is given to a pregnant
primate on a certain day, all the radioactive label will go to
one cortical cell layer in the baby. This fits in well with Rakic's radial
migration hypothesis, in that cells proliferating on the day when the
thymidine is given will take up the label, and all cell's proliferating
on the same day migrate to the same cortical layer.

Then he showed that when the exact same experiment is done, except that
the mother is given coke from the day the thymidine is given until
the birth of the child, the cell migration is somewhat random. The cells
that migrate the furthest end up in their normal position. Most cells
end up somewhere between the cortical plate and their predestined layer.


So there is hard evidence that cocaine will affect brain development
in a primate fetus, if the mother is given coke.

As for dosage - he didn't say and I do not know.
As for whether this translates to humans - I think that you need to
think very carefully as to whether you would want to take that chance.
He seemed to think that it did translate to humans, but it does highlight
his hypothesis. If I run across a journal article I'll post it.

Dave Blake